Enhancing Usability of the Academic Information System at Bhayangkara University: A Design Thinking and System Usability Approach

Bhayangkara University implements an information system to assist its academic process, namely SIA (Academic Information System). The high level of usability in SIA affects the smooth running of the academic process. This research uses a combination of design thinking and system usability scale methods as an approach to increase usability in SIA applications. The results show that the SIA application has a high usability value with a B rating scale and the good acceptable category is pleasant for users. Recommendations for improvements based on the method used are increasing server capacity so that SIA can work more relevantly, and effectively, and can use last a long time.


Introduction
Academic Information System is one application of information systems in educational institutions (Tata Sutabri, 2014).Academic Information System is a software application used to manage various information and processes related to academic activities.The main goal of an Academic Information System is to automate and simplify academic administration, increase efficiency, and improve user experience (Sulistiani Ino et al., 2018).
Bhayangkara University implements an academic information system called the Academic Information System (SIA).The menus and features contained in the SIA include filling out the Study Plan Card (KRS), viewing class schedules, viewing study results cards and grade transcripts, printing exam cards, generating academic reports listing grades, registering lecturer and student attendance, and evaluating academic performance and presenting reports valuable for management and decision making.
An Academic Information System greatly influences the process of running academic activities.Academic Information Systems must be able to meet the needs of students, lecturers, and stakeholders (Belluano Poetri Lestari Lokapitasari et al., 2021).
High usability values in Academic Information Systems are needed.An information system can be said to be successful, one of which is if the information system can be used easily and can meet user needs (Widiatmoko et al., 2015).
The Academic Information System that is already running at Bhayangkara University needs to be analyzed and evaluated so that it has benefits, is acceptable to users, and can last a long time in its use.The thinking design approach consisting of empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and the test is used to transform user needs into UI and UX interface designs for SIA.The System Usability Scale method is used to measure usability levels, identify problems, and provide recommendations for SIA improvements.

Research Method
This research was conducted at Bhayangkara University, Jakarta Raya.The object of research is the SIA application which is commonly used by students and lecturers with a total population is 6534.The type of research used is mixed method research using the design thinking method from a qualitative point of view and the system usability scale method from a quantitative point of view.Based on the mixed method used, it takes respondents who can represent.Respondents were taken by random sampling technique and the number was calculated using the Slovin formula with an error tolerance of 0.05.The number of samples obtained based on the calculation results is 377.
The design thinking method is used to transform user needs into the form of UI and UX SIA interface designs (Kurnianto et al., 2022).The System Usability Scale method measures usability levels, identifies problems, and provides recommendations for SIA improvements (Anggraini Wresni et al., 2020).The research method can be seen in Figure 1.
Design thinking consists of four stages: empathize, define, prototype, and test.This step is sequentially and then iterated (Ilham et al., 2021).The combination of methods used in this study means that the design thinking stages are not carried out sequentially.The usability scale system is embedded between the design thinking stages to complement the method.Piksel 11 (2): 373 -382 (September 2023

Empathy Process
This stage provides data results in the form of habits, needs, and concerns of users.Data was obtained using social engineering techniques.The social engineering technique in this study does not have a negative intention but is used for the purpose of gathering information from SIA users without having to make the users feel disturbed, cornered, or threatened (Aulia et al., 2023).The results of the empathy process provide the data described in Table 1.

Proses Define
At this stage what is done is to transform empathy process data into the form of problem identification.The approach taken at this stage is "How Might We".This approach highlights the creative side of the design process and innovation used to formulate questions or challenges that can inspire creative thinking and new solutions.
This method is often used in brainstorming sessions and design thinking methods to generate innovative ideas.The way "How Might We" works is by turning a problem or Piksel 11 (2): 373 -382 (September 2023) challenge at hand into an open-ended question that challenges and inspires (Li et al., 2019).The results of the defined process with How Might We are described in Table 2.

Prototype
The purpose of making an SIA application prototype is to improve design or features and cover application weaknesses and the ultimate goal is to increase usability (Khalida et al., 2012).The stages of creating an SIA application prototype are carried out after going through a brainstorming session.Creative ideas and new solutions that address problems are transformed into SIA application prototypes.The user experience (UX) of the SIA application prototype is described using a sitemap which can be seen in Figure 2.

Questionnaire
The next stage is a questionnaire distributed to respondents randomly with the aim of validating usability after the application has been tested with users.This questionnaire can also help focus the evaluation of feature improvements or application improvements if the results of the questionnaire tend to be negative.
Questionnaire-based on the System Usability Scale (SUS) method using a Likert  Each statement item has a contribution score in the calculation.Each item's contribution score ranges from 0 to 4. For items 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 which are positive statements, the contribution score is the scale minus 1.For items 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 which are negative statements, the score contribution is 5 minus the scale.The total contribution score is multiplied by 2.5 to get the overall value of system usability (Anggraini Wresni et al., 2020).The following is the formula for calculating the System Usability Scale (SUS) score: The average response of respondents is recorded in Table 5.Based on the SUS score calculation formula, the questionnaire results obtained a score of 80.75.The application of SIA in measuring the grade scale shown in Figure 7, is included in the category of acceptable systems for users.There are several items of concern in an effort to improve usability.Item 5 which indicates that the functions or features provided on this site are well designed and prepared is answered by respondents with an average response of "Neutral".Item 6 showed too many inconsistencies on this site, respondents gave the average response "Agree".The inconsistencies that occur on the sites referred to in item 6 lead to a neutral assessment of the functions or features referred to in item 5.Each item has a contributing relationship to one another.Based on the respondent's assessment, the focus on improving features or improving the application can be identified.Inconsistency on the site is usually caused by database design errors or incompatibility of the amount of data with server capacity.Corrective steps that can be taken are changes to the database design and the addition of volume from the server and then testing the application again.

Conclusion
The combination of design thinking and system usability scale is used to improve usability in AIS.The design thinking method of developing SIA focuses on user needs so that the SIA application has a usability value of 80.75 when assessed through a questionnaire using the system usability scale method.This proves that SIA is an acceptable application or can be accepted by its users.Respondents' assessment that SIA has many inconsistencies in the features and functions of SIA that have not been designed properly is usually caused by errors in database design or incompatibility of the amount of data with server capacity.Recommendations for improvements that can be made are changes to the database design and additional volume from the server so that the SIA can work more relevantly, and effectively, and can use last a long time.
Figure 1.Research Method

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Academic Information System Application SitemapIn Figure3there are 2 pages.Labeled 3A prototype display of the SIA application menu page completeness of BKD in the education (a) course report.On this page, lecturers can download lecture reports containing teaching realization, student grades, and student attendance lists.Labeled 3B prototype display of the student attendance list page at the lecturer user.This page can also be seen at the student user as evidence of an integrated attendance feature between lecturers and students.
scale.Respondents were asked to give an assessment of Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, and Strongly Agree on the 10 statement items according to the assessment of each respondent.If the respondent does not find the right response scale, the respondent must fill in the midpoint of the user testing scale(Efendi Mochammad Arif et al., 2021).Piksel 11 (2):373 -382 (September 2023)

Table 1 .
Results of the Empathy Process

Table 2 .
Results of the Define Process

Table 4 .
Average Category of Rating Interval Scores

Table 5 .
Results Quesionner based on the SUS Method